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Archive for November, 2010

The N420 billion Nigeria Bank Stimulus: Some Economic and Financial Implications


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Home Page > Finance > Banking > The N420 billion Nigeria Bank Stimulus: Some Economic and Financial Implications

The N420 billion Nigeria Bank Stimulus: Some Economic and Financial Implications

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The N420 billion Nigeria Bank Stimulus: Some Economic and Financial Implications

By: Shafii Ndanusa

About the Author

Certified Chartered Accountant (ACCA, U.K.) and Fellow of the American Academy of Financial Management (FAAFM, U.S.A.). He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and an MBA with specialisation in Finance.
Emails: shafii@accamail.com, shafiie@hotmail.com
Mobile:+2348033713910

(ArticlesBase SC #1258246)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/The N420 billion Nigeria Bank Stimulus: Some Economic and Financial Implications





THE N420 BILLION NIGERIA BANK STIMULUS: Some Economic and Financial Implications

Written By: Shafii Ndanusa MBA, ACCA, FAAFM

Nigeria and in fact the entire world economy has in the last five weeks witnessed the spectacle of the unfolding drama in the nations’ banking and financial landscape. A major stabilizing decision that was taken in the wake of the Central Bank of Nigeria’s intervention is the injection of some four hundred and twenty (420) billion Naira into the five hitherto unhealthy commercial banks.  This rather humane and socially-responsible action itself has elicited a wide range of reactions from a cross section of the populace. Although, there appears to be some balance of reporting in terms of those who favor and those who oppose the CBN intervention. My personal view is that Nigeria is a developing country. More than ever before, this is the time Nigerians should pay great attention to facts, truth and objectivity. Based on the above criteria, people should then decide where to pitch their tents in matters of critical national importance. The era of primitive sentimentality, blind accusations and ill-informed contemplation clearly belongs to the dustbin of history.

My favored approach to a lot of issues is to ask questions myself. Perhaps this is because of my willingness and openness to new perspectives of thought and action. To this end, the following is considered pertinent.

1. How is the 420 billion Naira stimulus package being made available to banks? Is it solely in cash or a combination of cash and financial instruments?  Note that attention has to be paid to the impact of cash injection to the overall money supply of the Nigerian economy and its attendant effects on interest rates.

2. Is there any possibility of excess liquidity being created as a result of the intervention? How much liquidity injection can the system comfortably cope with without adversely affecting the local and international value of the Nigerian currencies?

3. What effect could the more money in circulation lead to in terms of Retail Prices Inflation? What additional monetary policy measures are required both in the short and long term to stabilize the undesirable economic effects of this injection?

4. Noting that the 420 billion Naira stimulus was not created as a result of any real economic activity, what measures are required to ensure that the money created is given true economic value through its judicious application?

5. How is the N420 billion being administered by the regulator? The administration system must be transparent, accountable and fair to all the parties concerned. The system itself must also be capable of meeting the stiff and thorough tests of public accountability. Every aspect of the administration must be fully, properly, accurately and completely documented for posterity.

6. What are the rules for access to the bailout funds by the famous five banks? Are the rules fair and competitive? Do the rules encourage performance or over-reliance on the regulator?

7. What close monitoring mechanisms have been put in place to ensure that the bailout funds are not abused by the recipient organizations?

8. What is the short, medium and long term plans for the administrative and operational turnaround of these institution?

9. Regulators are expected to maintain arms-length relationships with operators within their industry. Having radically altered the competition dynamics in the industry, what measures are being taken by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Nigerian Stock Exchange to ensure that undue favor and privilege is not given to the five banks taken over? Note that this action is necessary to create an environment of fair play and healthy competition.

10. For regulation to be effective, the regulator must be ahead of the operators in all the key areas of regulatory interest. How much regulatory reform is required in terms of internal systems, structures, skills, staffing and strategy to ensure that future problems are not allowed to escalate before remedial action is implemented?

Mr. Shafii Ndanusa is a Certified Chartered Accountant (ACCA) and Fellow of the American Academy of Financial Management (FAAFM). He wrote from Abuja. Nigeria.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/banking-articles/the-n420-billion-nigeria-bank-stimulus-some-economic-and-financial-implications-1258246.html

(ArticlesBase SC #1258246)

Shafii Ndanusa -
About the Author:

Certified Chartered Accountant (ACCA, U.K.) and Fellow of the American Academy of Financial Management (FAAFM, U.S.A.). He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and an MBA with specialisation in Finance.
Emails: shafii@accamail.com, shafiie@hotmail.com
Mobile:+2348033713910

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The Federal Reserve Board Passes New Regulations


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Home Page > Finance > Real Estate > The Federal Reserve Board Passes New Regulations

The Federal Reserve Board Passes New Regulations

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The Federal Reserve Board Passes New Regulations

By: David Reinholtz

About the Author

David is the Founder and CEO of LoanOfficerSchool.com, an approved education provider for The Conference of State Bank Supervisors and The National Mortgage Licensing Systems’ (NMLS) required pre-licensing education and continuing education.

(ArticlesBase SC #3425056)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/The Federal Reserve Board Passes New Regulations





What consumer advocates have been fighting for throughout so many years is finally coming to fruition, but it might seem that it is a little too late. Of course, hindsight is always twenty-twenty and when it comes to government action, being a decade or two behind the curve will tend to be along the norm. But whatever one feels about action on the part of the government, the new rules for the mortgage industry will help breathe a bit more confidence in a shaky consumer public.

Going into effect … when?

Of course, any change in policy usually takes some time to implement. And with that, the inevitable push to continue to do business ‘as is’ before the new rules go into effect. However, it begs a major question with the new regulations that they are not going to be placed into effect until April 1st of 2011. That is more than nine months away, with a great deal of potential buying power from consumers in the housing industry. It is this author’s concern that because of the government’s failure to enact stricter regulations earlier, the news about this regulatory change will lead more consumers to pause, hesitate, or balk at certain mortgage opportunities.

If this is the case, the burden is on the mortgage industry as a whole to ensure potential homebuyers of the terms in their mortgage and be as open and up front as possible with all of the details, not just the ones that may be most prominent. It will also be important that no one broker or agent be seen as trying to ‘push’ a homeowner into a higher mortgage amount or rate than they are comfortable with.

Homebuyers are a different breed today

The housing industry has changed dramatically in the past couple of years and the changes that we have experienced have been passed onto a more conscientious buying public. The news of mortgage fiascos, of signing people up for mortgages who didn’t have jobs, who couldn’t afford the terms, and all those other malfeasance actions of the unscrupulous brokers and agents, have left a sour taste in the public’s mouth. That isn’t likely to change overnight and with this news, they will be more likely to look at the deals offered with a wary eye.

Homebuyers are not going to be so quick to sign on the dotted line as a result of the past few years’ revelations. And it shouldn’t be misinterpreted in any way, shape, or form our opinion of these new regulations – they are long overdue and welcome. They will, however, make it a bit more challenging between now and next April for those of us who are respectable and honest with our clients to compete for some mortgages when other businesses will be attempting to get as many signed and for the highest amounts possible.

The regulations, in a nutshell

Under the new rules, lenders will no longer be allowed to pay mortgage originators more money if they talk a homeowner into a more expensive loan. Lenders will also have to be completely forthright with the homebuyer about what their highest payment would be if the loan rate adjusted. These are almost common sense topics and items that we have already seen homeowners asking on a regular basis. As stated earlier, the current homebuyer is a much different creature than he or she was just a few short years ago.

These new regulations won’t change the industry in any major fashion, but it will help it take some small steps toward full recovery, bringing a level of trust back to the homebuyer that they should have never had to endure losing.

David

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/real-estate-articles/the-federal-reserve-board-passes-new-regulations-3425056.html

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David Reinholtz -
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David is the Founder and CEO of LoanOfficerSchool.com, an approved education provider for The Conference of State Bank Supervisors and The National Mortgage Licensing Systems’ (NMLS) required pre-licensing education and continuing education.

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Home Page > Finance > Wealth Building > “Efficient Portfolio Management”: A Guide To Effective Investment Supervision Processes

“Efficient Portfolio Management”: A Guide To Effective Investment Supervision Processes

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“Efficient Portfolio Management”: A Guide To Effective Investment Supervision Processes

By: Sharath Sury

About the Author

Professor Sury has been a trusted adviser to some of the nation’s wealthiest family groups and private organizations for nearly two decades.  Since having retired as CEO of Chicago Analytic Trading Co. (CATC) and Chicago Analytic Capital Management (CACM), a multi-billion dollar family office investment supervisor, Mr. Sury has been the Dean’s Executive Professor of Finance at Santa Clara University and an Adjunct Professor of Economics at the University of California, where he teaches investment theory, corporate finance, and applied portfolio management.  He is also the founding and current Director of the Santa Clara Initiative for Financial Innovation & Risk Management (SCIFIRM); and serves as a Board Member of the University of California’s School of Management in Silicon Valley, the Arditti Center for Risk Management in Chicago, and the Santa Cruz Center for International Economics.

 

As a recognized expert in the fields of portfolio theory and risk budgeting, Mr. Sury is a frequently invited speaker at various prominent venues, including for the CFA Institute, Financial Research Associates, FinanceIQ, Opal’s Wealth Management Summits, Private Banking India (Chair), and the University of Chicago.  His research on the optimal integration of traditional and alternative (hedge fund) investments is featured in the highly anticipated anthology, “Essential Readings in Advanced Financial Economics.”

 

Under Mr. Sury’s leadership, Chicago-based S4 Capital became the #1 ranked US wealth management firm in both 2007 and 2006, according to Wealth Manager Magazine, a “Top 10″ Financial Advisory firm in 2006, according to Financial Advisor Magazine, and was the #2 ranked US wealth management firm in 2005, according to the Bloomberg Wealth Manager Survey.  Over the years, S4 Capital’s R&D arm, comprised of researchers with Ph.D.’s and other advanced degrees, developed state-of-the-art techniques and strategies for client-optimized portfolio management.

 

Prior to the formation of CACM and S4, Mr. Sury was an appointed Vice President at Goldman, Sachs & Co., where he built one of the fastest growing teams in the Midwest and advised a niche group of ultra-wealthy clients representing several billion dollars in investment assets spanning equities, fixed income, and alternative investments.  During his tenure, Mr. Sury also taught several classes of incoming Goldman Sachs Financial Analysts on topics ranging from portfolio analysis to accounting.

 

Mr. Sury had previously served in special advisory and enforcement capacities for both Federal/local government agencies and also held highly technical oriented positions with International Business Machines Corp. (IBM), Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. (C3I & SSD), and the MCC R&D Consortium.  For his achievements in these roles, he has been highlighted in the media and awarded a variety of honors, among them the prestigious IBM Austin Excellence Award, Lockheed’s Space Systems Division Commendation, and the SCC District Attorney’s Letter (for Service in the Economic Crimes Unit). 

 

Mr. Sury received his MBA (High Honors) in Finance & Statistics from the University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business.  He received his undergraduate degree in Economics (High Honors and Phi Beta Kappa) from the University of California, where he also held teaching assistantships in Macroeconomic Theory & Statistical Analysis.  In 2003, Mr. Sury was featured in Crain’s Chicago Business “40 Under 40: Chicago’s Rising Stars,” for his professional accomplishments.

 

On a personal note, Mr. Sury enjoys giving back to the community, through such efforts as Junior Achievement, Habitat for Humanity, and the Starlight Children’s Foundation.  He has also served on the Board of Directors of the MRIC/Children’s Memorial Hospital, and the GSB CEO Roundtable.  Based in part on his experience in law enforcement (criminal investigation), he currently serves on the Santa Clara Co. Sheriff’s Advisory Board and the Executive Committee of the San Jose Police Officer Association’s Charitable Foundation.

(ArticlesBase SC #1949353)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/“Efficient Portfolio Management”: A Guide To Effective Investment Supervision Processes





In practice, it is essential to take an integrated approach to clients’ wealth management and investment supervision activities.  The integration is based upon expressly recognizing the three major components of this process:  wealth planning, investment supervision, and portfolio accounting and reporting.  Each component is now examined in turn.

 

I  The Investment Process:  Wealth Planning

Although often a convenient starting point for any investment relationship, the planning phase is really a continuous and dynamic process that requires ongoing review and refinement as client needs and objectives change.  It is during this phase that investment supervisors assist their clients in a determination of client goals, objectives, and constraints.  The importance of this process should not be underestimated.  Proper planning develops the inputs upon which all other portfolio management decisions will rely. 

Specifically, investment supervisors must be interested in learning about their client’s views and preferences regarding the risk to be taken.  These include determining the degree of tolerance for portfolio drawdown (peak-to-trough intervals of loss) and conditional value-at-risk (point-estimate maximal loss). 

Other metrics of interest often include the degree of aversion to skew (exposure to directional market bias) and kurtosis (exposure to extreme events).  The purpose of these inquiries is to closely discern the degree of client risk tolerance (where risk manifests itself in multiple dimensions). 

This concentrated focus on the specific articulation of risk tolerance differentiates “best practice” approaches and is a critical input to the portfolio management and supervision process outlined below.

Effective investment supervisors also assess the organization of their client’s investment-level entities in order to determine how such goals and objectives are shared across different constituents.  Other planning activities, including tax optimization (and related entity allocations), income and expense modeling, and asset and liability matching must also be conducted in order to more fully appreciate the requirements of the investment portfolio. 

The initial goal of this process is to help clients formulate a comprehensive investment policy statement, including the articulation of risk tolerance, which will ultimately guide the asset allocation and portfolio selection decisions.

 

II       The Investment Process:  Portfolio Management and Supervision 

Once an investment policy statement has been articulated, it must be translated into a consistent and actionable portfolio management process.  Ultimately, a diversified portfolio of investments in the “traditional” (e.g., cash, fixed income, equities), and “alternative” (e.g., hedge funds, private equity, real estate) asset classes is built through a deep and intensive due diligence process.

Numerous academic and empirical studies confirm the philosophy that the asset allocation decision is one of the primary determinants of portfolio return variance—both across time and across investment managers (For example, Brinson, et. al., 1991 and Ibbotson and Kaplan, 2000).  Security selection and market timing, though also influential, are generally secondary considerations that have marginal contributions relative to the overall asset allocation. 

Effective asset allocation optimizes the power of diversification and ensures that an investment portfolio maximizes the return generated for a given level of risk.  As a result, getting the “top-down” decision correct is of critical importance. 

Unfortunately, applications of the technique by many consultants, investment managers, and brokers often fail to account for varying degrees of market efficiency, skew (bias or event risk), and kurtosis (extreme events) often present among different asset classes.  Relying solely upon returns and standard deviations can lead to sub-optimal conclusions, especially since neither vector is particularly robust with respect to time.  In addition, the popularly used linear mean-variance optimization models tend to produce results that produce inherently unstable and grossly imbalanced portfolios that are highly sensitive to estimation error (Michaud, 1989).

Such narrow reliance among investment consultants and money managers is not uncommon; however, it often leads to an overestimation of expected return or an underestimation of risk and is the root cause of many forms of investor disappointment.  It is also a causal factor in many of the very notable fund “blow ups” that have been witnessed in recent times.

 

An “Efficient Portfolio Management (EPM)” Methodology

The EPM methodology explicitly addresses such shortcomings by taking on the issue of risk directly.  The goals of the EPM are to:

Explicitly determine how much risk to take and what forms of such risk are acceptable; and
Ensure that the portfolio is maximally compensated for taking on those risks.

Under the EPM framework, investment exposure (the sources of risks and, correspondingly, returns) comes in two forms, namely:  systematic and nonsystematic.  The EPM process is a synthesis of strategic asset allocation (for the purposes of determining systematic allocations) and active risk budgeting (for the purposes of determining nonsystematic allocations). 

A brief discussion of each follows below.

Allocations to Systematic Investment Assets

Systematic investment assets typically relate to broad, well-diversified market exposures (also generically referred to as “beta”).  In order to determine the optimal systematic exposure to various asset classes, EPM relies upon the process of strategic asset allocation. 

The process begins by identifying the investment universe of candidate assets.  These may include, for instance, the following classes (and their related subsets):  cash, fixed income, equities, commodities, and real estate.  In order to establish the initial (neutral) portfolio weights, EPM draws upon the general findings of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), as described by Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965). 

According to the CAPM equilibrium, the optimal asset class weights are directly related to the relative aggregate market capitalizations of each such asset class.  That is, in equilibrium, the portfolio weights for the “market portfolio” in aggregate also become the optimal weights for individual portfolios.  EPM refers to these weights as the “Equilibrium Portfolio,” and it serves as the initial “center of gravity” for the strategic asset allocation process.

As prescribed by Black and Litterman (1992), EPM next “reverse-optimizes” the Equilibrium Portfolio to ascertain its implied views of asset class risk premiums.  Stated differently, if one believes that the Equilibrium Portfolio is in fact the optimal portfolio (as suggested by CAPM), what must the views on relative asset class risk premiums be in order to satisfy mean-variance optimality conditions? 

The analysis of such implied views is analogous to the more popular application of using implied volatility to evaluate options pricing.  In that approach, it is assumed that the market price represents both known and estimated variables that affect valuation.  However, given the difficulty of objectively estimating expected volatility, many investors consequently take the market price as a given and instead determine what it must imply about expected volatility.  Then, investors can make individual judgments about whether this implied volatility is in fact reasonable.

Similarly, investment supervisors can compare the implied views of the Equilibrium Portfolio with their own views of relative asset class premiums.  Importantly, under this approach, it is not necessary for investment supervisors to make forecasts of the absolute returns of every asset class; they need only make relative risk premium assessments. 

Where differences emerge between investment supervisor (or client) views and the market-implied views, EPM combines them through a conditional, Bayesian-weighted adjustment in order to capture the corresponding degree-of-confidence in each view.  The adjustment may also affect other asset classes, as the process attempts to maintain the consistency of the covariance relationships among such classes.  The resulting portfolio weights form a “passive risk portfolio.”  This approach tends to minimize the forecast errors and unrealistic portfolio tilts that often plague standard mean-variance optimization. 

Since the passive risk portfolio primarily addresses broad market, systematic (beta) exposure, its implementation is best conducted through low-cost, tax-efficient passive investment instruments.  Such composition for broad market systematic exposure is consistent not only with CAPM, but also with the general findings of Fama (1970) and Brinson, et. al. (1991).

Allocations to Nonsystematic Investment Assets

Nonsystematic investment assets generally relate to idiosyncratic exposures (also referred to as “alpha”) that are not correlated to the systematic universe.  In equilibrium, and relying upon the principles of diversification, such idiosyncratic exposure should not be expected to produce excess return.  Therefore, expected alpha return in equilibrium is equal to zero. 

In reality, however, the markets are often not in a state of CAPM equilibrium, especially in the short to medium term.  As a result, it is not unusual to find tactical sources of alpha that do in fact exhibit positive expected excess returns. 

Active investment management is the process of identifying and capturing this positive alpha.  In order to determine the optimal exposure to these activities from a portfolio management perspective, EPM relies upon a disciplined methodology of budgeting for such “active risks.”  This risk budgeting process operates on the principle that active risks should be assumed only where the marginal contributions to portfolio return from such activities exceed the marginal contributions to portfolio risk. 

Once again, the process begins by identifying the investment universe (in this case, of nonsystematic assets).  This universe typically includes certain hedge funds, private equity, and real estate investments.  However, it should not be construed that the nonsystematic universe consists solely of such “alternative investments.”  It can also include actively managed assets in the more traditional classes (equities, fixed income, and others). 

In those cases where an asset has elements of both systematic and nonsystematic exposure (as is sometimes the case for assets in the traditional classes), the alpha and beta components must be separated.  This decomposition can be accomplished by evaluating the distribution of the investment’s variance from its systematic benchmark.  In this context, the investment’s alpha is found by computing the mean of the distribution, while the “tracking error” is found by computing the standard deviation.

The active risk budgeting process now determines the most appropriate portfolio of active risks that, when combined with the passive risk portfolio, meets the client’s overall macro goals and objectives—as expressly defined in the earlier wealth planning activity. 

The methodology begins with a series of simulation and optimization studies to determine categories of active allocations (conditional upon an allocation to the passive risk portfolio) that can most efficiently meet the client’s objectives.  The optimization program explicitly recognizes each client’s individualized level of risk aversion by first satisfying client constraints related to portfolio variance, acceptable drawdown, and event risk and then determining which remaining combinations of assets maximize return.

This approach is unique in that it contains an explicit focus on the various degrees of each component of risk that can affect the total portfolio, including the higher order moments of the expected distribution.  Careful consideration of such risks can provide far greater clarity into the investment process, help optimize the returns achieved in exchange for the risks knowingly taken, inform a strategy mix that might most capably protect from a variety of systematic shocks, and ultimately lead to results that should more closely reflect the original intent and objectives of the client.

For practical purposes, EPM classifies assets into seven “active risk portfolios.”  Each portfolio consists of managers and strategies that share specific active risk signatures and exhibit stable covariance properties.  These portfolios are categorized as follows:  “Long Equities,” “Long Fixed Income,” “Long-Short,” “Tactical Trading,” “Event Driven,” “Relative Value,” and “Private Equity.” 

 In determining which assets are eligible for inclusion into EPM’s active risk portfolios, investment supervisors engage in a deep and intensive process of manager and investment diligence.  In this evaluation, two considerations typically emerge.  First, the key evaluation criteria are both quantitative and qualitative.  Second, building a portfolio of active assets involves more than simply finding the managers and investments that produce the best returns in isolation.  It also requires understanding how they might behave in different economic environments and how they might correlate with one another—and with the passive risk portfolio—particularly during periods of high market volatility.  Such analyses are critical, as correlation map surfaces can change dramatically as volatility, liquidity, and other “market stress” factors materialize.

The resulting active risk portfolios are then evaluated in terms of their marginal contribution to the risk (volatility, skew, and kurtosis [VSK]) of the passive risk portfolio.  As stated before, the object of this analysis is to determine which combinations of the passive risk portfolio and the individual active risk portfolios produce the risk signature that best satisfies the client’s original risk constraints and investment objectives. 

Once such a combination has been identified, investment supervisors once again utilize reverse optimization to determine what the implied views (on the expected excess returns of the active risk portfolios) must be in order to satisfy mean-variance skew-kurtosis (M-VSK) optimality conditions.

Investment supervisors again compare their proprietary views of expected excess returns in one or multiple active risk portfolios to the implied views from M-VSK.  Any variance is treated in similar fashion to the Black-Litterman approach utilized in the construction of the passive risk portfolio.  The resulting portfolio becomes the client’s global investment portfolio.

A Dynamic Process

Once the global investment portfolio is established, continuous monitoring and supervision of the portfolio must be conducted on an ongoing basis to confirm the variance, covariance, and other risk characteristics of the underlying investments.  Such supervision includes performance attribution (relative to absolute and style benchmarks as well as relevant peer groups), risk control and monitoring (tests of manager adherence to active investment mandates, style drift compliance, short and long-term volatility) and ongoing personal reviews with investment managers (including regular communications, verification of manager commitment to client goals and objectives, and custody and reporting).

Critical to the process, however, is the periodic validation of the original risk constraints and investment objectives set forth in the wealth planning activity as well as the continuous supervision of the portfolio to ensure that its portfolio-level risk signature does not materially deviate from such specifications.  Under the EPM approach, there is no distinction between the investment supervision process and the risk management process; they are one and the same by design.

Over time, changes to the investment portfolio can arise from three different sources:

Changes in views:

Investment supervisor proprietary and market-implied views can and do change.  Obviously, the results of the strategic asset allocation will change as its inputs change.

Changes in active risk attribution:

The constituents of the active risk portfolio may change due to style drift, lack of continuing edge, lack of attractiveness in a portfolio-level context, or other diligence-related reasons.

Changes in client goals and objectives:

Client preferences and constraints related to risk aversion, tax regime, income requirements, time horizon, and other considerations may dictate a change from a planning perspective.

As a result, client portfolio management is a dynamic process that is responsive to both external (market and economic) as well as internal (client) influences.

 

EPM:  The Benefits of Synthesis

The EPM approach is intended to engineer a portfolio that is capable of obtaining the “biggest bang for the buck,” by carefully defining the clients’ limited tolerance for risk and then allocating that scarce resource to those areas where it can be most efficiently rewarded. 

As noted, EPM accomplishes this objective by explicitly segmenting the universe of investment assets by their risk characteristics; in particular, based upon of the level of systematic (beta) or nonsystematic (alpha) exposure each asset exhibits.  In making this distinction, the most appropriate techniques drawn from strategic asset allocation and active risk budgeting can be applied to determine what levels of exposure and combinations of assets best produce the desired portfolio characteristics.

EPM is designed to directly address a variety of issues that are often poorly addressed in the typical applications of asset allocation and portfolio management.  Consequently, the process actively:  considers the relative market efficiency of various asset classes, includes the higher order moments of asset class distributions in evaluating risk, and incorporates non-traditional, “alternative” asset classes.

Portfolios resulting from the EPM process tend to exhibit the following characteristics (versus other more traditional methods):

Greater protection from the risks that clients choose to avoid and greater control over the risks that clients choose to take.
Higher degrees of efficiency in the compensation for risks that are taken
More rigorous standards for the acceptance of active risk
Higher quality diversification across asset classes, managers, and strategies, based upon specific and tangible opportunities for incremental risk-adjusted return
Lower sensitivity to estimation errors in asset class and strategy return forecasts

Taken together, these benefits lead to intelligent portfolio management solutions capable of more tightly meeting each client’s individual goals and objectives.

 

III     The Investment Process:  Tax Accounting and Portfolio Reporting 

Although the accounting and reporting function is often overlooked or treated as an afterthought, the effective utilization of accounting reports can be a powerful tool in assessing and diagnosing portfolio performance.

Reports can come from a variety of sources, including:  investment manager statements, reports from prime brokers and custodians, and valuation audits by independent accountants.  The investment supervisor’s role is to provide an additional level of independence and produce analytic diagnostics that can be used to make effective investment decisions.

In this regard, investment supervisors must maintain an extensive, redundant database of transactions and tax-lot accounting when this information is obtainable from various custodians.  The maintenance of an independent database allows us to analyze investments at the overall client family level, entity-level, and other customizable sub-groups of interest.  Investment supervisors can also conduct broad tests of concentration and diversification across various managers and custodians, track cash inflows and outflows to ensure proper deployment, and test the veracity of month-end and quarter-end statements produced by the investment managers.

The reporting function is also useful for aggregating data for the purpose of performance measurement.  Producing uniform performance and position reports allows fair comparison of different investment managers, regardless of their own internal performance reporting systems, which may vary by manager.  Such reports also enables investment supervision analysts to conduct detailed style regression and returns-based attribution analyses, tools that are particularly invaluable in evaluating managers who may not share granular information on their underlying investments. 

Finally, tax reports should be analyzed on an ongoing basis to identify and account for realized and unrealized gains/losses (by entity and by account), income and expense accruals (including amortization and accretion schedules), and potential “cross-manager” wash-sale violations, and for the identification of other tax-minimization strategies.

 

III     Concluding Remarks

The finance and investment literature is full of a variety of (sometimes conflicting) approaches to the proper and effective supervision of investment portfolios for clients.  All too often, academic treatments of the subject fail to recognize the realities of the investment world.  Investment supervisors are in the challenging position of having to apply otherwise “elegant theories” to the typically messy “real world.” 

In so doing, however, they must properly blend the best ideas from financial economics with the realities and opportunities that present themselves.  As such, no single prescription can work all the time and, indeed, any suggestions must continuously evolve to adapt to the constantly changing nature of the capital markets. 

The most important priority for an investment supervisor is to design and build an investment portfolio that best meets client goals and objectives.  In the end whatever methodology best satisfies this priority in a way that optimizes performance, cost, and tax efficiencies—and is rooted in sound financial economics and not arbitrary logic—is bound to be a viable approach.

 

 

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/wealth-building-articles/quotefficient-portfolio-managementquot-a-guide-to-effective-investment-supervision-processes-1949353.html

(ArticlesBase SC #1949353)

Sharath Sury -
About the Author:

Professor Sury has been a trusted adviser to some of the nation’s wealthiest family groups and private organizations for nearly two decades.  Since having retired as CEO of Chicago Analytic Trading Co. (CATC) and Chicago Analytic Capital Management (CACM), a multi-billion dollar family office investment supervisor, Mr. Sury has been the Dean’s Executive Professor of Finance at Santa Clara University and an Adjunct Professor of Economics at the University of California, where he teaches investment theory, corporate finance, and applied portfolio management.  He is also the founding and current Director of the Santa Clara Initiative for Financial Innovation & Risk Management (SCIFIRM); and serves as a Board Member of the University of California’s School of Management in Silicon Valley, the Arditti Center for Risk Management in Chicago, and the Santa Cruz Center for International Economics.

 

As a recognized expert in the fields of portfolio theory and risk budgeting, Mr. Sury is a frequently invited speaker at various prominent venues, including for the CFA Institute, Financial Research Associates, FinanceIQ, Opal’s Wealth Management Summits, Private Banking India (Chair), and the University of Chicago.  His research on the optimal integration of traditional and alternative (hedge fund) investments is featured in the highly anticipated anthology, “Essential Readings in Advanced Financial Economics.”

 

Under Mr. Sury’s leadership, Chicago-based S4 Capital became the #1 ranked US wealth management firm in both 2007 and 2006, according to Wealth Manager Magazine, a “Top 10″ Financial Advisory firm in 2006, according to Financial Advisor Magazine, and was the #2 ranked US wealth management firm in 2005, according to the Bloomberg Wealth Manager Survey.  Over the years, S4 Capital’s R&D arm, comprised of researchers with Ph.D.’s and other advanced degrees, developed state-of-the-art techniques and strategies for client-optimized portfolio management.

 

Prior to the formation of CACM and S4, Mr. Sury was an appointed Vice President at Goldman, Sachs & Co., where he built one of the fastest growing teams in the Midwest and advised a niche group of ultra-wealthy clients representing several billion dollars in investment assets spanning equities, fixed income, and alternative investments.  During his tenure, Mr. Sury also taught several classes of incoming Goldman Sachs Financial Analysts on topics ranging from portfolio analysis to accounting.

 

Mr. Sury had previously served in special advisory and enforcement capacities for both Federal/local government agencies and also held highly technical oriented positions with International Business Machines Corp. (IBM), Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. (C3I & SSD), and the MCC R&D Consortium.  For his achievements in these roles, he has been highlighted in the media and awarded a variety of honors, among them the prestigious IBM Austin Excellence Award, Lockheed’s Space Systems Division Commendation, and the SCC District Attorney’s Letter (for Service in the Economic Crimes Unit). 

 

Mr. Sury received his MBA (High Honors) in Finance & Statistics from the University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business.  He received his undergraduate degree in Economics (High Honors and Phi Beta Kappa) from the University of California, where he also held teaching assistantships in Macroeconomic Theory & Statistical Analysis.  In 2003, Mr. Sury was featured in Crain’s Chicago Business “40 Under 40: Chicago’s Rising Stars,” for his professional accomplishments.

 

On a personal note, Mr. Sury enjoys giving back to the community, through such efforts as Junior Achievement, Habitat for Humanity, and the Starlight Children’s Foundation.  He has also served on the Board of Directors of the MRIC/Children’s Memorial Hospital, and the GSB CEO Roundtable.  Based in part on his experience in law enforcement (criminal investigation), he currently serves on the Santa Clara Co. Sheriff’s Advisory Board and the Executive Committee of the San Jose Police Officer Association’s Charitable Foundation.

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“Efficient Portfolio Management”: A Guide To Effective Investment Supervision Processes

Investment supervisors who seek a “best practices” approach to the investment process must necessarily base their approach upon the principles of modern portfolio theory, with special emphasis on strategic asset allocation and risk budgeting. This approach should provide for the efficient deployment of active and passive instruments across both traditional and alternative asset classes. The intelligent application of these principles can meaningfully contribute to a sound investment program.

By:
Sharath Suryl

Finance>
Wealth Buildingl
Mar 06, 2010
lViews: 663

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1. Jeffrey Holding, Ph.D. 08/03/2010

This is a fine example of merging disparate analytical systems into a coherent program for investment management. Professor Sharath Sury has outlined an analytically-based methodology that is truly rooted in sound financial economics. This is an important first step for practitioners to follow in considering their own systems and processes.

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Professor Sury has been a trusted adviser to some of the nation’s wealthiest family groups and private organizations for nearly two decades.  Since having retired as CEO of Chicago Analytic Trading Co. (CATC) and Chicago Analytic Capital Management (CACM), a multi-billion dollar family office investment supervisor, Mr. Sury has been the Dean’s Executive Professor of Finance at Santa Clara University and an Adjunct Professor of Economics at the University of California, where he teaches investment theory, corporate finance, and applied portfolio management.  He is also the founding and current Director of the Santa Clara Initiative for Financial Innovation & Risk Management (SCIFIRM); and serves as a Board Member of the University of California’s School of Management in Silicon Valley, the Arditti Center for Risk Management in Chicago, and the Santa Cruz Center for International Economics.

 

As a recognized expert in the fields of portfolio theory and risk budgeting, Mr. Sury is a frequently invited speaker at various prominent venues, including for the CFA Institute, Financial Research Associates, FinanceIQ, Opal’s Wealth Management Summits, Private Banking India (Chair), and the University of Chicago.  His research on the optimal integration of traditional and alternative (hedge fund) investments is featured in the highly anticipated anthology, “Essential Readings in Advanced Financial Economics.”

 

Under Mr. Sury’s leadership, Chicago-based S4 Capital became the #1 ranked US wealth management firm in both 2007 and 2006, according to Wealth Manager Magazine, a “Top 10″ Financial Advisory firm in 2006, according to Financial Advisor Magazine, and was the #2 ranked US wealth management firm in 2005, according to the Bloomberg Wealth Manager Survey.  Over the years, S4 Capital’s R&D arm, comprised of researchers with Ph.D.’s and other advanced degrees, developed state-of-the-art techniques and strategies for client-optimized portfolio management.

 

Prior to the formation of CACM and S4, Mr. Sury was an appointed Vice President at Goldman, Sachs & Co., where he built one of the fastest growing teams in the Midwest and advised a niche group of ultra-wealthy clients representing several billion dollars in investment assets spanning equities, fixed income, and alternative investments.  During his tenure, Mr. Sury also taught several classes of incoming Goldman Sachs Financial Analysts on topics ranging from portfolio analysis to accounting.

 

Mr. Sury had previously served in special advisory and enforcement capacities for both Federal/local government agencies and also held highly technical oriented positions with International Business Machines Corp. (IBM), Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. (C3I & SSD), and the MCC R&D Consortium.  For his achievements in these roles, he has been highlighted in the media and awarded a variety of honors, among them the prestigious IBM Austin Excellence Award, Lockheed’s Space Systems Division Commendation, and the SCC District Attorney’s Letter (for Service in the Economic Crimes Unit). 

 

Mr. Sury received his MBA (High Honors) in Finance & Statistics from the University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business.  He received his undergraduate degree in Economics (High Honors and Phi Beta Kappa) from the University of California, where he also held teaching assistantships in Macroeconomic Theory & Statistical Analysis.  In 2003, Mr. Sury was featured in Crain’s Chicago Business “40 Under 40: Chicago’s Rising Stars,” for his professional accomplishments.

 

On a personal note, Mr. Sury enjoys giving back to the community, through such efforts as Junior Achievement, Habitat for Humanity, and the Starlight Children’s Foundation.  He has also served on the Board of Directors of the MRIC/Children’s Memorial Hospital, and the GSB CEO Roundtable.  Based in part on his experience in law enforcement (criminal investigation), he currently serves on the Santa Clara Co. Sheriff’s Advisory Board and the Executive Committee of the San Jose Police Officer Association’s Charitable Foundation.

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Home Page > Finance > Investing > Investing In The Stock Market: How To Get Ahead

Investing In The Stock Market: How To Get Ahead

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Investing In The Stock Market: How To Get Ahead

By: Adam W. Porter

About the Author

Adam W. Porter is a successful investor, and has been trading stocks for over a decade. Adam is the owner of PowerfulStockTips.com, where he teaches you how to invest in the stock market through a free newsletter. Learn more about Adam and sign up for his newsletter by visiting PowerfulStockTips.com today.

(ArticlesBase SC #1336013)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/Investing In The Stock Market: How To Get Ahead





Those who are involved in the stock market or who have spent even a small amount of time watching the stock market, know very well that the stock market can oscillate dramatically and take unexpected twists and turns. Therefore, it’s tough to the right company to invest in and even more difficult to get ahead in the stock market once they have invested money. In the following article, we will cover some important information about how to profit when you invest in the stock market.

One of the largest problems with stock market investments is that only few people know the right time to buy and sell their stocks. Because it is now so easy to trade stocks via the internet, there are many people who get ahead of themselves, so to speak, and end up trading at the wrong times. In reality, there is no stock market investment that is one hundred percent guaranteed, therefore, you must be able to recognize the best opportunities when you invest in the stock market to get ahead. Maximum profits can only be achieved when you learn to spot these moments. Never gamble all that you have with just one company, especially if you are a newcomer to the stock market. As a newcomer, you can profit by starting out with small investments as opposed to large stock market investments. Once you have a working knowledge of the stock market and can find some of its patterns, you will be able to make quality decisions when trading. If you do not have much money to begin with, do not invest in any company that you do not know much about. It is a wise idea for any veteran or newcomer of the stock market to make informed trades. Of course, risk is always present, when you invest in the stock market, but the key is to avoid the losers in the stock market if you want to get ahead. Missing out on a winning trade will not hurt you as much as investing in a bad opportunity.

To minimize losses and maintain profit, stock market investing experts often use a strategy that is known as the trailing stop. In this technique, stock market investors will hang on to a stock while it is high, or doing its best. While doing this, they maintain an exit strategy should they need to sell their shares for cash at any time. This is a strategy that I recommend you research if you plan to spend any time investing in the stock market. However, you will want to have a fair amount of experience in trading before attempting this type of strategy. This is likely not a strategy that you will want to try while just learning how to invest in the stock market.

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(ArticlesBase SC #1336013)

Adam W. Porter -
About the Author:

Adam W. Porter is a successful investor, and has been trading stocks for over a decade. Adam is the owner of PowerfulStockTips.com, where he teaches you how to invest in the stock market through a free newsletter. Learn more about Adam and sign up for his newsletter by visiting PowerfulStockTips.com today.

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Learning to trade the stock market can be very difficult. It can involve a lot of research. Without a working knowledge of the stock market, simply jumping in with a pile of shares would be disastrous. This article covers the basics of investing in the stock market.

By:
Adam W. Porterl

Finance>
Investingl
Nov 11, 2009

Learn To Invest In The Stock Market: Penny Stocks

Investing in penny stocks can be very lucrative. However, learning where to begin is a job in itself.

By:
Adam W. Porterl

Finance>
Investingl
Nov 04, 2009

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Adam W. Porter is a successful investor, and has been trading stocks for over a decade. Adam is the owner of PowerfulStockTips.com, where he teaches you how to invest in the stock market through a free newsletter. Learn more about Adam and sign up for his newsletter by visiting PowerfulStockTips.com today.

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Home Page > Business > Online Business > Share Market Tips. How To Get The Right Stock Market Advice

Share Market Tips. How To Get The Right Stock Market Advice

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Posted: Jun 29, 2010 |Comments: 0

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Share Market Tips. How To Get The Right Stock Market Advice

By: Peter Karpouzas

About the Author

If you would like to learn more about the right share market tips or stock marjet advice Anthony Green will certainly guide you in the right direction on stock market trading. This is certainly one of the leading advisers in stock market trading

(ArticlesBase SC #2743894)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/Share Market Tips. How To Get The Right Stock Market Advice





Trying to find the right share market tips these days or stock market advice is not easy. There are many services out there online that offer guidance into the stock market and how to make money from the stock market online. Getting the right stock market advice can be a daunting activity when you need accurate share market tips. Take your time to research, study the situation or contact a reputable stock market expert or a firm to provide you insights about the market and help you in deciding upon the company or the shares which can prove to be profitable and will be a worthwhile investment of your time and money.Get the wrong stock market advice, and you won’t make money.

With the changing world economic times, more and more people are finding it viable to invest their hard earned money into the stock market to gain huge profits in a short period of time. Naturally the more you invest, the more you stand to earn. Smart people these days don’t leave money in a bank and wait for it to accumulate in growth via interest alone. Smart people invest their money through other channels for the purposes of rapid growth. Property for instance is an obvious avenue for financial growth. However, property is usaually purchased for long term gains.

The stock market on the other hand is the avenue for fast growth to your capital. Invest a thousand dollars and you could tripple it in no time. The problem however is finding the right advice. What do you trust off the web that can steer you in the right direction when you are a biginner and don’t have the first clue of stock market knowledge. Where do you look for the right share market tips? There are a million questions in one’s head when starting a new business on the share market when you need the right stock market advice. The right trading software can also be necessary.

Belive it or not, the more money you capitailze with in the stock market, the faster you will make your first million. There are millions of people around the world that are banking thousands upon millions of dollars a day just from the stock market alone, and it all comes from the correct stock market advice or even everyday share market tips. One tip today. could tripple your money tomorrow.

Naturally, it is perfectly understandable to never invest money in haste, not even in the stock market. You really need to know who your dealing with. One such man who knows the stock market really well is Anthony Green. He has a team of six which currently are killing the stock market with hundreds of thousands of dollars a week. It’s hard to believe, but it is real. How does an average of $150.000 dolars a week each sound? Believe it or not folks this is certainly possible in the stock market. This company is located at 207 west 56th street New York. This ia an everyday running business that helps thousands of people online and in person succed in making a living or earning money online from the just getting help about the right stock market advice.

We have personally rated this stock market business a  4 out 5 stars for their wealth of knowledge in the stock market. We do not feel there is anyone else out there with this sort of ability. After all, you just can’t get better than a business which you can visit in person or even have a contact number when you need the right share market tips or stock market advice. One of the best features of this ervice on stock market advice is that there is no spending hours of doing technical stock analyses.

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(ArticlesBase SC #2743894)

Peter Karpouzas -
About the Author:

If you would like to learn more about the right share market tips or stock marjet advice Anthony Green will certainly guide you in the right direction on stock market trading. This is certainly one of the leading advisers in stock market trading

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share market tips, stock market trading tips, trading software, stock advice, learn the stock market, training stock market, trading stocks online, stock trading courses, share trading

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What Bond Or Cd Is Right For Your Portfolio?

What Bond Or Cd Is Right For Your Portfolio?


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Home Page > Finance > Investing > What Bond Or Cd Is Right For Your Portfolio?

What Bond Or Cd Is Right For Your Portfolio?

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What Bond Or Cd Is Right For Your Portfolio?

By: Larry Lane

About the Author

Larry Lane is the editor for www.InvestorZoo.com a social networking site dedicated to personal finance.

Investorzoo brings you weekly deals on credit cards, high yield checking accounts as well as CD and money market yields. You’ll also find over a directory of over 10,000 financial professionals in many categories in all 50 states.

Are you a financial professional looking to help people with money issues and gain world wide exposure? InvestorZoo.com is the 1st true social network dedicated to the world of personal finance. Answer questions on our public forums, receive leads and start a profile. We are accepting profiles from any licensed professional (in good FINRA standing) or published financial author.

If you have any questions, please drop me an email at larry.lane@InvestorZoo.com or 425-591-9315..

(ArticlesBase SC #1876089)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/What Bond Or Cd Is Right For Your Portfolio?





By Larry Lane for www.Investorzoo.com

Need to know where to invest a portion of your investment portfolio in relative safety? The investment world has a plethora of investment choices. Bonds can be an ideal investment for those seeking safety. As with all investments, the security is only as good as the company or government backing the bond. Below are some fixed income financial instruments that may fit your investment criteria.

Cds                                                  

Are you looking for a safe guaranteed investment? Certificates of deposits from an FDIC bank will provide you with a guaranteed return in the form of an interest payment every three months for the term of the CD purchased. You then get your principal back at maturity. If you have a CD at a FDIC member bank, you are guaranteed the principal and interest by the federal government. These are considered the safest investment and thus usually pay the smallest yield. Cds can start in terms of 6 months and go out to several years. The longer you agree to tie up your money with your chosen bank, the higher the return.

US Government Treasuries   

Unless the US government goes bankrupt, US Treasury are a direct obligation of the United States government and are considered the gold standard as far as safety is concerned.

Treasury bills              

Treasury bills are issued in minimum denominations of $10,000 and are short term in nature; maturing in a year or less. They are sold at auction for less than their face value. The common term is “par”. When the bond becomes due, their full value is paid.

Treasury notes     

Notes are issued in minimum amounts of $1000 and mature in two to ten years. They carry a stated interest rate which is paid semiannually. Treasury notes are purchased through an auction and can be purchased at or below face value.

TIPS: Treasury Inflation Protected Securities      

Commonly known as “TIPS” are securities whose principal is adjusted by changes in the Consumer Price Index. With inflation rises, the principal increases. Conversly, when there is deflation, the principal payment decreases.

The relationship between TIPS and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) affects both the sum you are paid when your TIPS matures as well as the amount of interest that a TIPS pays you every six months. TIPS pay interest at a fixed rate. Because the rate is applied to the adjusted principal, however, interest payments can vary in amount from one period to the next. At the maturity of a TIPS, you receive the adjusted principal or the original principal, whichever is greater. This provision protects you against deflation.The US Treasury provides TIPS Inflation Index Ratios which will allow those interested to calculate the change to principal resulting from changes in the Consumer Price Index.

How to buy TIPS                                         

TIPS are sold directly through the Treasury, banks, brokers, and dealers. The price of a TIPS can be less than, equal to, or greater than the face value.

You can bid for TIPS in either of two ways:
•With a noncompetitive bid, you agree to accept the yield determined at the time of the auction. With this bid, you are guaranteed to receive the TIPS you want, and in the full dollar amount you wish to invest.
•With a competitive bid, you specify the yield you are willing to accept.

As a result, your bid may be:
1) Accepted in the full amount you want if your bid is less than the yield determined at auction.
2) Accepted in less than the full amount you want if your bid is equal to the high yield.
3) Rejected if the yield you specify is higher than the yield set at auction.

To place a competitive bid, you must use a bank, broker, or dealer.

Additional TIP information
The interest rate on a TIPS is determined at auction.
TIPS are sold in increments of $100. The minimum purchase is $100.
TIPS are issued in electronic form. You will receive a confirmation, but there is no physical bond issued.
You can hold a TIPS until it matures or sell it in the secondary market before it matures. Should inflation rise after your purchase, you may experience a loss of principal.

Treasury Bonds              

These are exactly like treasury notes except they mature in 10 years or more.Since Treasury securities are issued by the US government many consider treasuries risk free. This is not absolutely true. It is true that if held to maturity, you are guaranteed to receive your principal and stated interest rate. However, if you are forced to sell, you may take a loss. Should interest rates rise, your bond will be worth less than your original purchase.

Zero coupon bonds     

Zero coupon bonds guarantee not only to pay you the specified interest rate on your principal; they also guarantee to pay the same rate of interest on your interest. Zero coupon bonds pay no periodic interest, instead it is automatically reinvested. “Zeros” are the best way to lock in high interest rates far into the future. If rates go up after buying your bond, you are locked into receiving below market interest rates. Again if you have to sell early, you will recognize a loss. Although you’ll receive no annual interest payments, the IRS will tax you as if you were.

Municipal bonds 

“Muni bonds” are issued by city, states and governmental agencies. As with corporate bonds, bonds are rated by bond rating services. Interest rates vary according to the length of the term and rating of the government or agency. Muni bonds are free of federal income tax. They are also free of state and local incomes taxes when purchased by residences of the states in which they are issued. Muni bonds are very attractive to those in high tax brackets since they have fantastic tax advantages.

Corporate bonds   

To finance their operations, corporations need to borrow money. They pay a fixed interest rate over a maturity of up to 30 years. Interest payments are made to the bond holder semi annually. At maturity, the bondholder receives their initial investment back. Interest rates vary depending on term and company. Rating services such as Moody’s and Standard and Poors grade the company based on their assessment of the company’s financial stability. Ratings range from AAA (the highest ranking) and down to F. These ratings are not perfect and are only the opinion of the respective companies. Before purchasing a corporate bond, it is extremely important that you know the health of the company they are investing in as well as the terms of the bond. In effect, you are considered the bank.

Junk bonds       

High yield or junk bonds are bonds with ratings below investment grade. Consequently, they have to offer a higher interest rate to induce investors to purchase them. One way to reduce the risk investing in junk bonds is to invest in a corporate bond mutual fund or ETF (Exchange Traded Fund) to spread the inherited risk of default.

Convertible Bonds  

Convertible bonds are bonds that can be exchanged for a specific number of shares of common stock. Bondholders share in the growth potential offered by the company’s stock. Convertible bonds pay lower interest rates than non convertible bonds of equal quality.

International Bonds       

As with US Treasury bonds, you can purchase bonds of foreign governments. In many cases bonds issued by foreign governments pay a higher rate of interest rates because they must compete with more stable governments such as the United States. The dual edged sword to foreign bonds is the exchange rates. Your true return may fluctuate depending on the currency exchange rate of the government’s bond you’ve purchased.

Risks
There are several inherent risks when purchasing a bond. As we’ve discovered over the last year, anything is possible. If the company that issued the bond you’ve purchased goes bankrupt, you stand to lose entire investment. Since there is always a risk of bankruptcy, corporate bonds usually pay higher interest rates than government securities or CDs backed by the FDIC. Your bond may be “called” or redeemed before maturity. This might happen if there is a dramatic deflation and interest rates decline.

Managing your risk through mutual funds and ETFs
It is impossible to totally eliminate all risk. To diversify your bond holdings, you might want to purchase a bond mutual fund or ETF (Exchange Traded Fund). A given fund may invest in several hundred different issuant, thus decreasing the risk of default. Given the number of options available, you should be able to find an appropriate investment. If you are looking for investment choices, check popular internet sites such as Morningstar.com.

Interest rate risk                                                                                                             During the course of holding your bond, interest can rise, thus decreasing the value of the bond you’ve purchased. If you are forced to sell early before the maturity date, you may experience a loss. Inflation and taxes will eat into your total return. With the exception of municipal bonds, the federal and state governments will tax you on your gains. However, if you are looking for an investment vehicle less volatile than the stock market, bonds may be an investment worth exploring.

Larry Lane is the editor for www.InvestorZoo.com a social networking site specializing in personal finance

The article above is information of a general nature and the information provided may not apply to your personal situation. Please consult your financial planner or licensed professional for investment advice.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/advertising-articles/what-bond-or-cd-is-right-for-your-portfolio-1876089.html

(ArticlesBase SC #1876089)

Larry Lane -
About the Author:

Larry Lane is the editor for www.InvestorZoo.com a social networking site dedicated to personal finance.

Investorzoo brings you weekly deals on credit cards, high yield checking accounts as well as CD and money market yields. You’ll also find over a directory of over 10,000 financial professionals in many categories in all 50 states.

Are you a financial professional looking to help people with money issues and gain world wide exposure? InvestorZoo.com is the 1st true social network dedicated to the world of personal finance. Answer questions on our public forums, receive leads and start a profile. We are accepting profiles from any licensed professional (in good FINRA standing) or published financial author.

If you have any questions, please drop me an email at larry.lane@InvestorZoo.com or 425-591-9315..

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Article Tags:
cd, treasury bill, treasury notes, treasury inflation protected securities, tips, zero coupon bonds, municipal bonds, corporate bonds, junk bonds, high yield bonds, international bonds, interest rates, foreign bonds

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Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the Terms Of Use and Privacy Policy | User published content is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
Copyright © 2005-2010 Free Articles by ArticlesBase.com, All rights reserved.

Larry Lane is the editor for www.InvestorZoo.com a social networking site dedicated to personal finance.

Investorzoo brings you weekly deals on credit cards, high yield checking accounts as well as CD and money market yields. You’ll also find over a directory of over 10,000 financial professionals in many categories in all 50 states.

Are you a financial professional looking to help people with money issues and gain world wide exposure? InvestorZoo.com is the 1st true social network dedicated to the world of personal finance. Answer questions on our public forums, receive leads and start a profile. We are accepting profiles from any licensed professional (in good FINRA standing) or published financial author.

If you have any questions, please drop me an email at larry.lane@InvestorZoo.com or 425-591-9315..

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